Travels in Betpak-Dala in Kazakhstan.

“Nature has no principles. She makes no distinction between good and evil”

Anatole France.

Hiking Tours Travel Central Kazakhstan.

It is situated in lower reaches of Sarysu river on the west, Chu river in the south, Balkash lake on the east, in the north it borders on Sary-Arka. The total area is about 75 thousands km, the stretch from west to east is about 500km, from the north to 170km.
Betpak-Dala is wavering and flat. The highest peak is Dzhambul mountain (H-974). The eastern part of Betpakdala is the continuation of Sary-Aka. The climate is harsh-continental, summer is dry and hot, winter is cold. The average temperature of January is from -12 - 14’C, and + 24 + 26’C in July.
The landscapes are different, it depends on relief and content of the rock. Fauna is represented by argali and roe deer; in valley and in plains-partridge, black grouse. And there was founded zoo preserve (the area is 25 thousand hectares).
The clay saline and rocky deserts are much lifeless than the sandy, dreary landscape of this - so bare and dead, you begin to understand the attitude to the Betpak-Dala of the nomadic population, well conveyed in the local toponym.
Translated from the Turkic "gave" - ​​plain, and "Betpak" it comes from either the Turkic "batnak" - topy, or from the Persian "bedbakht" - "ill-fated", from the Kazakh epithet "unscrupulous". Kazakhs drive their herds across the Northern Golodnaya Steppe during the nomads twice a year, in spring and autumn, from the summer pastures of Sary-Arka (the semi-desert of the Kazakh low mountains) to the winter pastures of the Chui Valley and the Moynkum sands and back.
They drive fast, almost without stopping due to the lack of watering places (there are almost no surface sources, but there are relatively shallow beds, at a depth of 2 to 30 meters, stratal groundwater) and scarcity of pastures: in early spring, when rains fall, they rush to live their short life ephemera (life cycle lasts a month - one and a half until moisture is enough).
Tulips, ferules and wild onions, for a year - wormwood, teresken, biyurgun, tamarisk and saltwort, on the sand - bushes of Caragana and cereals, and even the wind is weightless everywhere brittle tumbler balls. The history of the study of the desert "Betpak-Dala" by expeditions under the leadership of the zoologist V. A. Selevin is described in the book by M. D. Zverev "The End of the White Spot". His expedition in 1936 conducted excavations in the desert of the Accasansor fossil fauna.
The Betpak-Dala desert is located between the lower reaches of the Chu and Sarysu rivers and the western shore of Lake Balkhash. The Betpak-Dala desert is located in the south of Karaganda, in the north of the Turkestan and Zhambyl regions of Kazakhstan.
The average height of the desert is about 300 meters above sea level. The eastern part of it is a continuation of the Kazakh ridge and on large spaces is occupied by a rocky desert. The western part is a clay plain and can serve as a typical example of a clay wormwood (saltwort wormwood) desert.
The Eastern part of the Betpak-Dala is a continuation of the Caledonian structures of Saryarka - a complex of dense Paleozoic sedimentary and igneous rocks. This is a socle residual plain, where low ridges alternate with numerous hollows.
In the western part, the Paleozoic rocks are submerged under a layer of horizontally occurring Mesozoic and Paleogene loose sediments (sands, sandstones, clays, pebbles), which form a reservoir plain with drainless depressions in the form of dens and closed depressions.
In general, arid denudation type of plains with the development of deflation depressions, hollows, takyrs is characteristic of Betpak-Dala. The western part of Betpak-Dala is composed of Mesozoic and horizontal Palaeogene loose rocks (sands, sandstones, clay, pebbles) folded in folds, the eastern part is hilly, has a folded structure and is composed of Lower Paleozoic sedimentary metamorphic strata and granites.
The western part of Betpak-Dala is a clay wormwood desert; in the salt marsh lows - biyurgun, on sand aggregations - eurotia (Eurotia), Karagan. In the east, the clay desert is combined with the rocky Salsola arbuscula on the gravelly slopes of the hills.
The eastern part of it is a continuation of the Kazakh ridge and on large spaces is occupied by a rocky desert. The western part is a clay plain and can serve as a typical example of a clay wormwood (solyanka wormwood) desert.
The Western part of the Betpak-Dala is an elevated plain, composed of horizontally-lying Mesozoic and Paleogene loose rocks. From above, mainly marine and continental Paleogene sediments (sands, sandstones, clays, pebbles) occur.
Flat areas alternate with drainless depressions in the form of logs and closed depressions with salt marshes. Sedimentary strata contain formation groundwater. On the southern edge of the desert there is fresh reservoir water, which has great pressure.
The number of rains slightly increases only in the second half of September. The desert area of ​​Betpak-Dala is about 75,000 square kilometers. The highest point is Mount Dzhambul (Zheltau) 974 meters above sea level. The length from west to east is about 500 km, from north to south, up to 170 km.
The climate and weather in the desert is extremely continental, extremely dry. Summer is dry and hot, winter is moderately cold, with little snow. Snow cover from late November to mid-February (2.5 - 3 months). The average January temperature is -13 ° C.
The average July temperature: + 25 ° С. Average annual rainfall: 100 - 150 mm (of which 30% falls in early spring, and only 15% in summer). Ephemeras in spring develop poorly, since at a time when the soil is best soaked through seasonal snow melting and early spring precipitation, it does not have time to warm up enough.
In the spring, ferrules, tulips, and bows develop, but ephemeral vegetation does not form dense cover. The vegetative cover of the desert is sparse; it is formed mainly by wormwood in spaces and elevations (black wormwood - Artemisia pauciflora f. Maikara, gray wormwood, etc.).
Biyurgun and (Eurotia ceratoides) are found in depressions; Karagany bushes grow on clusters of sand. Representatives of the fauna - argali and roe deer, in the valleys and foothill plains - saiga, gazelle, live bustard, black grouse, partridge.
A zoological reserve of 25,000 hectares has been created in Betpak Dale. Few would venture to cross the rugged ravines, the saline march and the salt marshes, covered with hills, the vast territory sandy, almost devoid of drinking water and normal roads.
Desert gray brown saline soils prevail here. After rains on clay soils impassable mud forms and pools of takyrs bloom. Until very recently, nobody lived in this desert, and until the 1930s. no one seriously studied it.
And when they began to study, they discovered a lot of minerals and amazing animals: the same age as mammoth saiga, the carnivorous “mouse” - Sonsola arbuscula sonya (named after the first explorer of the desert Betpak-Dala Viktor Selevin, who discovered 11 new species in total).
Among other things, a rich uranium deposit was discovered, and at present this strategic raw material is extracted by a well method in the area of ​​the village of Kyzemshek (in Soviet times - Stepnoye); The development of neighboring fields is also planned.
Now it is the task of the government of Kazakhstan, and from the mid-1950s to the early 1990s, the desert areas were populated mainly by the Soviet cosmonautics (and now Russia rents the Baikonur cosmodrome until 2050 under the current agreement) and the Ministry of Defense (Kapustin Yar, Semipalatinsk, etc.).
In particular, the Sary-Shagansky test site operates on the territory of Betpak-Dala: this mega missile defense project began to be implemented in the late 1950s, and to this day this part of the desert remains a white spot on the map. Betpak-Dala is one of the world's largest clay deserts.
The territory of Betpak-Dala is used as spring and autumn pastures. Cattle are driven through it from the summer pastures of the semi-desert of the Kazakh Hills (Sary-Ark “steppe”) to the winter pastures of the Chui valley and the Moynkum sands and back.
Opportunities to increase the herd population of herds is limited due to lack of watering. The terrestrial water sources of the desert is poor. However, there is abundant groundwater located at a relatively shallow depth. Fresh water can be used by creating artesian wells.
The provision of watering places is also possible by taking simple measures to reduce the evaporation of spring waters accumulating in depressions on clay soils - takyrs; recommended planting on the shores of takyr water bodies of trees and shrubs, the creation of simple hydraulic structures.
Curious facts of the Betpak-Dala desert:
1. In 2003, the image of the rodent "Seliviniy Betpak Dalinzis" was applied to the postage stamp of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
2. At the Uvanas deposit (Kyzemshek village), uranium is extracted using the method of underground borehole leaching from uranium water (unsuitable for other uses). After uranium is extracted, water is pumped back into the well.
3. Poachers kill primarily saiga males in pursuit of their horns, especially valued in Chinese medicine. This leads to a sharp reduction in livestock numbers.
4. Takyry - areas where water accumulates after the rains. After the rains, takyrs immediately bloom because of the mass of bacteria and microscopic algae in the soil, which, after evaporation of moisture, surround themselves with hardening mucus and sink into dormant state until the next rain; Because of this dried mucus, takyrs become as hard as stone.
5. The Betpak-dala saiga population was one of the largest. This is partly due to the binding of animals to flat terrain with dense soils: the feature of saiga running at a speed of up to 80 km / h is that on rough terrain animals become completely helpless, they cannot jump even simple obstacles on the run.
In addition to the flat terrain, the desert provides another advantage: the ability to escape from wolves away from watering (females breed their offspring in a safe, dry zone).

Authority:
N. A. Gvozdetsky, N. I. Mikhailov. “Physical Geography of the USSR. Asian part. Third edition, revised and supplemented. Moscow "Thought" 1978. http://tapemark.narod.ru/geograf/1_5_5.html
http://geosfera.org/aziya/kazaxstan/1573-betpak-dala.html

Photo
Alexander Petrov.