Tours to cities of Kyrgyzstan.

“In the center we put a guest house, in front of its main facade - a square for the future holy Orthodox church. The back facade faces the market square, and all this is surrounded by well-appointed quarters. In our imagination, a coastal city arose with piers, steamships and magnificent baths serving a resort with wonderful climatic conditions.”

Staff Captain Alexander Vasilyevich Kaulbars. 1869.

Tours to city of Karakol in Kyrgyzstan.

On May 31, 1869, a military scientific expedition headed by Staff Captain Kaulbars set off from Verny. It included topographers O. Reinhardt and Fyodor Petrov, builders Nesterov and Semyakin, as well as an interpreter, a guide and an escort group of Semirechye Cossacks.
The participants faced a difficult task - to reveal for the benefit of the Fatherland the secrets of a huge high-mountain triangle formed by the Fergana, Terskey-Ala-Too, Kokshaltau and Alatau ranges. They had to advance to the eastern borders, closely approaching the Meridian Range with its inaccessible peak Khan-Tengri, determine the heights of key points of the route, conduct a cartographic survey of the routes leading to Kashgar and Kuldja, and describe in detail the explored territories. In addition, the expedition had to select a suitable location for a new administrative center of the Issyk-Kul district, replacing the Aksu fortification, which performed this function from 1864 to 1869 after its capture from the Kokand people.
By July 1, 1869, a location for the future city had been identified on the caravan route connecting the Chui Valley with Kashgaria, streets, squares, as well as a guest house and a caravanserai had been planned. Together with the district chief, Major Andrei Petrovich Tchaikovsky, Kaulbars corrected the mistakes of his predecessors.
History knows many examples of when the elements destroyed cities that had stood for centuries. However, Baron Kaulbars recorded a case when a city was on the verge of disappearance even before it had appeared. The expedition was located in a yurt, where topographic tablets with projects of the future city were laid out on roughly knocked together tables.
One night, a severe thunderstorm broke out: the storm blew down the yurt, scattering the drawings and equipment across the surrounding area. Fortunately, at dawn, dozens of volunteers came to the rescue, and all the lost papers and tools were found.
The work began to boil with renewed vigor – axes began to hammer and saws to squeal. By the winter of 1870, there were already 12 huts in the Karakol fortification. Having completed his mission, Kaulbars led the detachment on a long reconnaissance of the upper reaches of the Tien-Shan rivers.
The name Karakol possibly comes from the Mongolian Khara Gol, which means "black river" or "river flowing north". According to a Kyrgyz legend, many years ago, when the Kyrgyz were moving through the Balkhash steppes, they reached the shores of Lake Issyk-Kul.
Here they encountered people they had never seen before – dark-skinned warriors who attacked them. For a long time, the Kyrgyz repelled the attacks of their enemies. In memory of this event, the area was called "Kara Kol" - "Black Hand", associating this with the color of the attackers' hands.
It was later discovered that they were Kalmyks, and that this happened about three centuries ago. In Turkic languages, the word "kara" can also mean "people". Historical documents recorded the exact date and circumstances of the founding of Karakol.
In May 1869, the headquarters of the Turkestan Military District sent an expedition to the Issyk-Kul region - a remote region in the northern part of the Kokand Khanate, which had recently become part of the Russian Empire. The expedition was led by Staff Captain Baron A. V. Kulbars.
The main goal was to choose a suitable location for the future city, which was to become the military and administrative center of the new imperial possessions. It was ordered to conduct a topographic survey of the territory, determine the layout of streets and squares, and begin construction of barracks and defensive structures.
Already on July 1, after a detailed survey of the area and collecting all the necessary information, including a survey of the local population about the most convenient place for the new settlement, the city was founded at a strategically important point - at the intersection of the Karakol River (a key water source) and the caravan route connecting the Chui Valley with Kashgaria (an economically significant route).
The chosen location turned out to be successful, which ensured the further development of Karakol. Today, in the city center, opposite the university, there is a memorial sign testifying to the foundation of Karakol in 1869. By the end of 1869 - beginning of 1870, the settlement had 12 residential buildings and about 50 shops.
In 1871, Karakol received the status of a district town. However, after the devastating earthquake of 1887, which destroyed most of the buildings, further development was moved upstream. In 1885 and 1888, the outstanding Russian traveler and pioneer Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky stayed in Karakol. In the last quarter of the 19th century, the city served as a base for Russian and foreign expeditions to explore Central Asia. Among them were the expeditions of M. Pevtsov, N. Przhevalsky himself and his followers - V. Roborovsky and P. Kozlov.
In 1889, after Przhevalsky's death in 1888, the city was renamed Przhevalsk in his honor and retained this name until 1991. A bust monument to N. M. Przhevalsky was erected on the square in front of the airport building, but the main memorial complex, which includes his burial site, is located near the mouth of the Karakol River.
During his fifth expedition, arriving from St. Petersburg to Bishkek, the traveler contracted typhoid fever and died in Karakol on October 20. The city of Karakol is located at an altitude of 1690 to 1850 meters above sea level, at the foot of the mountains, only 9 kilometers from Lake Issyk-Kul.
Its layout is carefully thought out: the main streets stretch from south to north along the conical slope of the Karakol River valley, smoothly descending to the north, east and west. This gives the streets space, good perspective and fills them with light and air.
From the south, the city practically merges with the green foothills of Terskey-Ala-Too.
Development of construction in Karakol.
In the early 1870s, Karakol was a small settlement reminiscent of a Russian village. It had only 80 residential buildings and 52 shops, as well as barracks built from spruce logs harvested in the Karakol gorge. The construction of the city was continued by the district chief of the Issyk-Kul region, A. P. Tchaikovsky.
He sent a report to the Russian government, in which he said: "Now Karakol will become an impregnable fortress on the eastern border of Semirechye." In 1870, during his next visit to the city, Kaulbars noted that the garrison had already settled in the new barracks.
In his memoirs, he wrote:
- "I was invited to an evening that was held in a house on the eastern edge of the church square. We danced joyfully all night on the second floor, where the detachment commander's apartment was located. Active trade was underway in the living room, and there were several small houses in the city, one of the streets was almost completely built up."
A few months later, in February of the same year, a decree was issued to move the Issyk-Kul administration from Ak-Suu to the Karakol fortification. In 1872, an order was issued according to which new houses were to be built exclusively from adobe bricks, obtained from a mixture of clay and adobe.
By 1881, six quarters had already been formed in the city. However, in 1887, the Vernoye earthquake occurred, as a result of which many adobe buildings were destroyed. In the following years, preference was again given to the construction of wooden houses, decorated with carved porches and decorative cornices. 
Przhevalsk Pier.
Przhevalsk also had its own pier. In the remote places of the Issyk-Kul region, the first voyage on the lake of the steamship "Pioneer", built at the local shipyard, was a real event. When the ship set out on its maiden voyage, thousands of horsemen gathered on the shore and set off after it with a shout of delight. Meanwhile, in Rybachye, another crowd, led by respected aksakals, patiently awaited the historic moment - the arrival of the steamship. 
Population of Karakol.
In 1872, the city had a population of about 150 people, most of whom were Tatars and Uzbeks who had arrived from Tashkent and other cities of Turkestan (a territory populated predominantly by Turkic peoples). There were about 12 Russians, not counting the military garrison, which included an infantry battalion, two hundred-strong Cossack units and a mountain artillery battery.
The main activity of the residents was the trade in essential goods, which were in demand among the farmers from the nearby auls ("kyshtaks"). Since 1875, the city began to develop at a faster pace. In the 1890s, people from Ukraine, the Central Black Earth Region and the Volga region began to actively move here.
A particularly noticeable influx of settlers to the Issyk-Kul region, including Karakol, occurred after a series of crop failures in a number of provinces of European Russia in the early 1890s. As a result, by 1897 the city's population reached 8,108 people, and by 1913 this figure had almost doubled. 
Settlers from Russia to Karakol.
It has been reliably established that the first Russian settled colony on the territory of Kyrgyzstan was the Aksu fortification, founded in 1864 twenty miles from Lake Issyk-Kul. The name of the first settler who settled in this region has also been preserved.
The Russian traveler N. A. Severtsov, exploring Central Asia in those years, noted with surprise: “…From Orenburg and further, along the entire route through the Omsk line, Semipalatinsk, Kopal, Vernoye, I met only Cossacks, Tatars and Kirghiz. I did not see a single peasant, but suddenly here, on Issyk-Kul, he was found - a native Great Russian, a native of one of the black earth provinces, I think, Kursk.”
This settler was a peasant named Shchedrin - one of the first representatives of Russian free colonization on Issyk-Kul. He was instructed by the society to find suitable land for resettlement. Having traveled around the entire Semirechye region, he settled on Issyk-Kul.
Arriving here without funds, he first got a job during the construction of the Aksuy outpost, and then moved to the Kirghiz, who were engaged in agriculture along the Dzhuuk River. Here he built a water mill, bought horses, made a cart and started a haulage business, delivering grain and flour to the Aksuy outpost and the Juukun picket.
Having gradually saved up money, he rented land from the local Kirghiz, sowed it, paying rent with part of the harvest, and by 1867 founded his own farm. Communication with the outside world was maintained through the Aksuy fortification, where by 1868 14 families of settlers were already living.
That same year, 60 families settled in the Chui Valley, at the Tokmak fortification, which made Tokmak the first district center founded by settlers on Kirghiz land that became part of the Russian Empire.
Horse breeding in Prissyk-Kul.
Under the influence of communication with settlers, the Kirghiz began to use semi-stall keeping of cattle, haymaking (harvesting hay for the winter), and improved breeds of horses, large and small cattle appeared. The first experiments to change the breed of the Kirghiz horse were carried out by settlers.
The improvement of horse breeds in the Issyk-Kul region was also influenced by the activities of the stud farms of the sergeant S. Dmitriev (since 1876) in Ketmaldy and the passionate supporter of cultural horse breeding and equestrian sports officer V. A. Pyanovsky (since 1907), who achieved the opening of a state-owned factory stable in Przhevalsk in 1908, where he also transferred his thoroughbred horses.
In 1914, the stable already had 8 breeding points: the central one - at the hippodrome in Przhevalsk, as well as in Syuttyu-Bulak, Pokrovka, Tamga, Grigoryevka, Sazanovka, Tyupe and Sokolovka.
Beekeeping in PriIssykkulye.
One of the highly profitable branches of agriculture - appeared in Prissyk-Kulye in the late 70s of the XIX century. Then several peasants from the village of Pokrovka and other villages, a number of city dwellers in Karakol started small apiaries.
In 1887, throughout the district there were 97 apiaries with 2378 hives, mostly block-type non-separable, in 1897 - already 352 with 16.6 thousand hives, mainly improved, linear. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Kyrgyz beekeepers began to appear, including those from the bai-manaps, whose bees were looked after by hired workers - Russians and Kyrgyz.
Issyk-Kul honey was widely sold in the bazaars of the Semirechye, Turkestan and West Siberian cities. Beekeeping in the region developed successfully until 1906, when it began to decline due to the mass infection of bees with foulbrood. With the arrival of settlers in the Issyk-Kul region, gardening, melon growing, horticulture and afforestation developed.
In the late XIXth and early XXth centuries, the Kyrgyz, who settled around Przhevalsk and near large settler villages, also began to join these activities.
Industry in Issyk-Kul region.
In the district "Vedomosti of faktivakh i zavodakh" for 1882 in Priissyk-Kulye there are 3 tanneries with 10 workers (gross output - 6.6 thousand rubles), 6 oil mills and 3 soap factories. The oldest of them was the tannery of Przhevalsk merchant A. Karimov, founded in 1877.
In 1884 in Karakol a beer factory was built by Kazalinsk merchant N. I. Ivanov. In the following years in the vicinity of Przhevalsk and in large settlements of Priissyk-Kulye water mills, small trade and industrial establishments were built, mainly processing livestock and agricultural products, as well as minerals.
In the following years, water mills, small trade and industrial establishments, mainly processing livestock and agricultural products, as well as minerals, were built in the vicinity of Przhevalsk and in large settlements of the Issyk-Kul region. In 1913, in the district, 168 workers produced goods worth 295,600 rubles at 25 operating enterprises.
The bulk of them were concentrated in the district center. Among them, only a few relatively large (qualified) factories stood out. A wool washing plant with 69 workers, a roller-mechanical mill, 2 beer factories and 3 oil mills (all three employed 35 workers, and the value of the gross output was 85,200 rubles) Przhevalsk and the district were inferior in industrial development to the city of Pishpek and the Pishpek district.
In 1884, a beer factory was built in Karakol by the Kazalinsk merchant N. I. Ivanov. The activities of other voluntary societies - agricultural, beekeeping, gardening - were short-lived. The magazine "Przhevalsky Sel'skohozia" (1913) was published.
Effective measures were also taken to develop industry. On July 7, 1918, the Przhevalsk Food Department conducted a survey of business owners and raw materials, which revealed 14 tanneries and a significant amount of leather, 14 oil mills, and 15 mills.
Since the spring of 1919, all carpenters and joiners in the Przhevalsk district were required to make 100 pairs of shoe lasts, and shoemakers were required to report to shoe shops for raw materials for sewing shoes for the Red Army soldiers. In 1919, there were 15 sawmills in the Przhevalsk district, mostly semi-artisanal, with 3-5 workers.
The Przhevalsky District Council of the National Economy (created under the District Council on September 5, 1918) nationalized the Suleimanov and Ks sawmill, located in Bolshoy Dzhargylchak. On April 10, 1919, the district executive committee adopted a resolution on the nationalization of the Karimov roller mill.
The next day, workers and craftsmen elected a manager, to whom a special commission handed over the mill according to the inventory. The work of artisans was established. In 1918, the labor department of the Przhevalsky district party committee registered 180 harness makers, 80 tailors, 64 shoemakers, 56 carpenters, 49 mechanics, 8 rawhide makers, 6 felt boot makers.
In 1919, about 60% of all artisans in Przhevalsk were recruited to work for the needs of the Red Army, and in 1920 - 70% of all artisans. Weavers, felt boot makers, and mechanics were 100% involved in the cooperative. In December 1918, a sewing workshop for 45 workers was organized in Przhevalsk. In the first 2 months of 1919 alone, it produced 464 pairs of underwear, 363 pairs of cloth trousers, and 305 cloth gymnasts.
During the Civil War, a wheelwrights' artel operated in Przhevalsk, producing carts for the needs of the front. In the second half of 1920, a handicraft department was organized in the Przhevalsk district executive committee; 11 industrial artels were created in the district; there were 322 handicraftsmen involved in the cooperative.
According to the 1920 census, 801 small enterprises corresponding to the Census Census were registered in the Karakol, Naryn and Pishpek districts. Of these, 748 enterprises were operating (2,169 employees); 27% of enterprises had a mechanical engine (total capacity of 427 hp); 50% of the number of workers, 73% of production and 82% of the capacity of mechanical engines accounted for state enterprises.
In 1925 - 1926, the joint-stock company "Wool" opened its branch in Karakol, where a restored wool washing plant was put into operation, employing 65 workers. Artels emerged. In 1921, there were 7 artels (301 people) in Przhevalsk. The following year, a fishermen's artel emerged in the district.
With great enthusiasm, workers built and restored ships and barges on Issyk-Kul. In October 1924, the Gosstroy construction office began working in Karakol. Workshops for the repair and construction of small-scale coastal vessels were opened at the Karakol pier.
At that time, there were 24 oil mills in the Karakol district, producing oil from rapeseed, flax, sunflower, sesame, and hemp seeds. In 1927, 3 workers and 1 foreman worked at the Karakol intestinal washing plant. They processed 45,000 pieces of intestinal products per year.
In 1927, they began to build two-frame sawmills in Karakol (launched in 1928). 169,000 rubles were spent on their construction. The pride of the 2nd five-year plan was a large bakery built in Karakol. Karakokol "Kirmetroves", which was founded in 1935, met the needs of the MTS in the repair of control and measuring equipment. In 1930, a delegation of collective farmers and individual farmers from Naryn and Osh (among them were 24 Issyk-Kul residents) traveled to Moscow, Stalingrad, Rostov-on-Don and other cities of the Russian Federation, visited large machine-building plants, advanced collective and state farms, and met with advanced workers and collective farmers.
After the November (1929) Plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), 25,000 of the best workers were sent to the village. Of the 219 twenty-five thousanders who arrived from the Russian Federation, 132 were sent to the northern regions of Kyrgyzstan. In 1930, 16 twenty-five thousanders were sent to the Karakol district, 5 to Balykchinsky, 2 to At-Bashinsky, Dzhumgalsky, Narynsky, etc., and 23 twenty-five thousanders worked in the Karakol district water union.
During the war, an iron foundry was built in Przhevalsk, and a fish cannery with a capacity of 3,000,000 conventional cans per year. On November 14, 1943, the State Defense Committee adopted a resolution on the construction of the Przhevalskaya hydroelectric power station. In Przhevalsk, all production complexes were reconstructed at the brewery.
A sewing and shoe factory was put into operation. During the war, during the 2.5 years of stay in the Issyk-Kul region, the Donetsk Museum Theater team showed 26 performances, including "Natalka Poltavka", "Zaporozhets za Dunayem", "The Barber of Seville" and gave 132 concerts.
The Frunze Pedagogical Institute was evacuated to Przhevalsk. The Nikolaev Shipbuilding Institute of the USSR People's Commissariat of Shipbuilding and the Leningrad Veterinary Institute of the USSR People's Commissariat of Agriculture were located in Przhevalsk.
In 1946, during the 4th five-year plan, the second stage of the Przhevalskaya hydroelectric power station was put into operation.
Trade and markets in Karakol.
Przhevalsk developed primarily as a trading and purchasing center. The Kirghiz from the nearest ayils brought cattle, livestock raw materials and grain to the city for sale, buying local and imported factory goods. Peasants from the surrounding villages sold bread, vegetables and fruits, honey and fish here.
Among the townspeople there appeared buyers - agents of commercial capital, who profited from the resale of agricultural products and raw materials. The owners of large city shops and stalls, wholesale merchants opened their branches, trading warehouses and points for purchasing livestock raw materials in villages.
Small traveling traders-money changers delivered purchased goods to mountain villages, gave them on credit at interest or exchanged them for small livestock, down, wool, horsehair, and then resold the livestock and raw materials to livestock traders and representatives of trading companies in Russia and Central Asia.
The development of bazaar and stationary trade in Przhevalsk testified to the involvement of townspeople in commercial and industrial activities (often large traders also owned industrial enterprises). Among the wealthy Przhevalsk traders, merchants from among the representatives of the Central Asian peoples stood out. In 1882-1883, the total number of merchants in the city was 73 people of both sexes, and in 1905 - 102 people, including 78 Tatars and Uzbeks, 17 Russians and 7 Dungans.
The Kirghiz from the nearby ayils brought cattle, livestock raw materials and grain to the city for sale, buying local and imported factory goods. Peasants from the surrounding villages sold bread, vegetables and fruits, honey and fish here. Among the townspeople, buyers appeared - agents of commercial capital, profiting from the resale of agricultural products and raw materials.
The owners of large city stores and shops, merchants-wholesalers opened their branches, trading warehouses and points for the purchase of livestock raw materials in the villages.
Libraries in Karakol.
The first public library in the Semirechye region was opened in Przhevalsk in 1902 on the initiative of N. M. Przhevalsky's associates - V. I. Roborovsky, P. K. Kozlov. Then they were supported by Ya. I. Korolkov, N. M. Barsov, A. A. Mikhailov (with monetary donations and gifts of valuable books) and many with firewood.
In 1908, a Muslim library and reading room was opened in Przhevalsk, supported by funds from the Muslim educational and charitable societies. It subscribed to newspapers and magazines in the Turkic and Russian languages.
Schools in Karakol.
In December 1910, 90 people attended evening classes at the Przhevalsk Russian-Native School: 50 Uzbeks, 25 Kyrgyz, 10 Tatars, 3 Sart-Kalmyks and 2 Russians. They studied Russian, reading, writing and arithmetic. In addition to the 2 Russian-native schools in the city of Przhevalsk, in the village of Pokrovka, since October 1906, a Russian-Kirghiz school with a boarding school for Kirghiz children (23 students in 1911) operated, and since 1909, a school with a Kirghiz boarding school in the village of Sazanovka (30 students, more than half of whom were from poor families). 
Hospitals in Karakol.
In 1899, a detachment headed by the doctor F. f. Guminsky in the village of Sazanovka cured 409 patients and performed 164 operations in 50 days. In 1905, such a detachment was headed by ophthalmologist O. P. Levitskaya. During his month in Przhevalsk, 788 patients were cured and 691 people were operated on.
In 1909, ophthalmology worked just as effectively in Przhevalsk, a detachment headed by doctor E. I. Gukovsky. At the end of the 19th century, medical networks began to expand in the Turkestan region. In 1897, 2 medical stations were organized in Priissyk-Kulye (in the district - 3).
One (in the city of Przhevalsk) served the territory of the future Przhevalsky and Tonsky districts, the 2nd in the village of Sazanovka - the territory of the future Balykchinsky and Tyupsky districts. The new hospital was built over 4 years (from 1910 to 1914), and it had only 12 beds.
The entire medical staff of the area consisted of a doctor, a paramedic and a paramedic-midwife, 2 - 4 vaccinators. There were no basic medicines or medical equipment.
Pharmacies in Karakol.
At the beginning of the xxth century, city and rural pharmacies and district hospitals with inpatient facilities appeared in the district. The management of district hospitals was assigned to doctors, but most often only a paramedic and a paramedic-midwife worked in them.
In the city of Przhevalsk itself, in addition to the emergency room with 6 beds and a pharmacy attached to it, there were a district and district hospitals.
Monument to N. M. Przhevalsky at mouth of Karakol River.
A major event for the population of the district center, surrounding villages and ails was the opening of a monument to N. M. Przhevalsky at the site of his burial, on the shore of Issyk-Kul (now the urban-type settlement of Pristan-Przhevalsk). Solemn mourning events were held in Przhevalsk for the 20th and 25th anniversaries (1908 and 1913) of the death of this outstanding explorer of Central Asia.
In 1913, his associate P. K. Kozlov arrived in Przhevalsk. Then a crowd of people - Russians and Kyrgyz - gathered at the monument to N. M. Przhevalsky; local residents who knew N. M. Przhevalsky spoke with their memories.
Cultural life in Karakol.
The activities of cultural, educational, charitable and other societies brought significant revival to the social and cultural life of the region. The oldest of them was the Society of Dramatic Art Lovers, the initiator of which was Ya. I. Korolkov. During the existence of this society (more than 30 years), amateur actors staged over 200 performances based on plays by N. A. Ostrovsky, M. Gorky and other classics of Russian drama.
The performances aroused constant interest among the townspeople.
Hippodrome in Przhevalsk.
A notable event in the socio-cultural life of the Issyk-Kul region was the opening of the hippodrome in Przhevalsk in 1908 on the initiative of the spouses V. A. Pyanovsky and E. A. Petrakova, with the active assistance of Ya. I. Korolkov and other members of the Racing Society, transformed in 1911 into the Society for the Encouragement of Horse Breeding and Stud Farming. 
Trade unions in Karakol.
In December 1918, the 1st tanners' trade union was founded in Przhevalsk. Public movement for the strengthening of Soviet power Existed in 1918 - 1920. The main forms of the Social Movement were the Week of Assistance to Starving Kirghiz Refugees Who Returned to Their Homeland, the Week of the Kirghiz Poor and Farm Laborers, the Week of Assistance to the Front, the Week of Assistance to Sick and Wounded Red Army Soldiers, the Week of Cleaning the Ditches, communist Saturdays and Sundays, and others.
Bread supply points were opened for refugees, refugee committees were organized to collect clothing, felt mats, parts of yurts, and others. Free food points were created along the refugee routes in Naryn, Przhevalsk, Koltsovka, and in the areas of Karkyra, Ton, and Ketmaldy. A total of 24 food points were opened in the region.
Shelters for starving and homeless children were created. Since the summer of 1918, Red Army detachments began to form in the Przhevalsk district. Collections of money, food, clothing, and footwear were held as part of the Front Aid Week, and concerts, rallies, and performances were planned. On March 23, 1919, the general meeting of the trade union (40 people attended) approved the charter of the leather production trade union. 
Subbotniks in Karakol.
Subbotniks became one of the forms of public movements for the strengthening of Soviet power. The first communist subbotnik was held on May 1, 1920, in the cities of Przhevalsk and Naryn. Workers were engaged in cleaning the city territory, planting trees, plowing several dessiatines of land, etc. In the evening, concerts and rallies were held.
In the subbotnik held in the spring of 1920, 4,283 people took part in only 4 volosts of the Przhevalsk district. They sowed 72 dessiatines of land with grain (including 37 dessiatines for the needs of the Red Army), planted 43,875 trees, repaired all the bridges and cleared the irrigation ditches.
Social movements played an important role in the fight against counterrevolution, economic ruin, famine, in strengthening friendship between workers of different nationalities, in strengthening Soviet power. Construction of roads in Prissyk-Kulye.
A lot of work was done on the construction of the Frunze-Rybachye-Przhevalsk, Rybachye-Naryn highways. In the 2nd Five-Year Plan, it was planned to build a small power station in the city of Karakol.
Printing industry in PriIssykkulye.
The printing industry developed. The following printing houses were in operation: Jetyoguz (1935), Issyk-Kul (1918), Balykchy (1934), Tyup (1937). In the early 1930s, the Karakol and Tyup butter factories, the Karakol and Balykchy thermal power plants were commissioned. About 40 workers worked in the Karakol printing house.

Authority:
Alexander Petrov.
Encyclopedia "Issyk-Kol. Naryn". Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz SSR. Frunze. 1991.

Photos used:
From the book "Architecture of Karakol". 2003.
https://save-karakol.tilda.ws/page1644612.html